1. AI opens a new path to true financial inclusion beyond access in developing Asia Developing Asia has made major progress in financial inclusion since 2011, but effective use of financial services continues to lag behind access. Global Findex (2025) data show that account ownership rose from around 45% of adults in 2011 to about […]
Author Archives: Vacharakoon Jivakanont
03
Dec
Dec
1. Introduction The digitalization, the rise of crypto-assets and the advancement of technologies, such as distributed ledger technologies, have fuelled an unprecedented wave of innovations in payments and spurred many Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) projects over the past decade[1]. Central banks worldwide have been actively exploring solutions to preserve financial stability and safeguard monetary […]
Financial Stability, Payment Systems
A Streetcar Named “Retail CBDC”: Should Central Banks Get on Board?
24
Jul
Jul
1. Introduction A Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) has emerged as one of the most significant trends reshaping the global financial landscape. Central banks around the world are actively exploring this innovation, with the latest BIS survey in 2024 revealing that 94% of the 86 surveyed central banks are investigating CBDCs. This movement resembles a […]